Thanks for the details.
2023-11-02 12:09:13,019 [main] ERROR c.x.x.i.s.h.HibernateStore - Failed to find hibernate configuration file corresponding to path [/WEB-INF/hibernate.cfg.xml]
It seems XWiki cannot access the file hibernate.cfg.xml file which, in this context, is supposed to be loaded from /usr/lib/xwiki/WEB-INF/hibernate.cfg.xml (or to be more accurate, from Jetty point of view, /usr/lib/xwiki-jetty/webapps/xwiki/WEB-INF/hibernate.cfg.xml).
I’m going to try to reproduce on a fresh Debian 12.